A GLIMPSE OF AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN CONSTITUTION

THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951

The Constitution was first amended on 18.06.1951. The key features of the amendment are as follows:

The first amendment empowered the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes by restricting the application of fundamental rights (Clause 4 to Article 15). This was done to nullify the judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court in State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan AIR 1951 SC 226.
The word “reasonable” was added to restrictions making them justiciable in nature.
Three more restrictions were added to the restrictions imposed on the freedom of speech and expression i.e., public order, friendly relation with foreign states and incitement to an offence (Clause 2 of Article 19). This was inserted to nullify the judgment of Allahabad High Court in Motilal v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1951 All 257.
That the State or a Corporations owned or controlled by the State was empowered to carry on any trade, business, industry or service whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise. The State is further empowered to prescribe professional or technical qualifications necessary for practicing any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business. (clause 6 of Article 19)
Article 31A was added empowering the State for acquisition of any estate or any rights with a protective clause from the fundamental rights.
Article 31 B was added protecting the laws regarding land reforms and other laws from the judicial review. All the laws passed under Article 31B are specified in the Ninth Schedule which is added by way of the first amendment.
Several other amendments were made to Articles 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372. 376.
The Constitutional validity of 1st Amendment was upheld by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Sankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India AIR 1951 SC 458.

Dated: 18 June 1951

THE CONSTITUTION (SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1952

The amendment seeks to replace the figures mentioned in Article 81 so as to relax the limits prescribed in article so that one member in the Lok Sabha could represent even more than a population of 7,50,000.

[Extracted from Statement of Objects and Reasons: “There is a considerable difference between the population of the several States as estimated in the President’s order and in the population as ascertained at the census of 1951. At present, seats have been allotted in the House of the People to Part A and Part B States on the basis of one member for every 7.2 lakhs of the estimated population giving a total of 470 members to these States. The census figures are higher in all cases, and in view of the overall limit of 500 members prescribed in article 81(1) (a), it is not possible to increase appreciably the total number of seats allotted to these States. It is accordingly necessary to reduce the representation from one member for every 7.2 lakhs of population to one member for every 7.5 lakhs of population as per 1951 census. As pointed out above, this figure 7.5 lakhs is the maximum permissible under article 81(1)(b) as it now stands; but even so, if the average population of a Parliamentary constituency in any State is to be 750,000 it is obvious that the population of a certain number of constituencies will exceed that figure. It is necessary, therefore, that article 81(1)(b) should be amended relaxing the limits prescribed in that article so as to avoid a constitutional irregularity in delimiting the constitutencies for the purpose of re-adjustment of representation in the House of the People as required under article 81(3) of the Constitution. This Bill accordingly seeks to amend article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution so as to replace the figures mentioned in that article by the figures 850,000 and 650,000 respectively.]

Dated: 1 May 1953

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1954

Entry 33 of List III of Seventh Schedule was amended to empower the Parliament to control the production, supply and distribution of the foodstuffs, cattle fodder, raw cotton, cotton seed and raw jute in the public interest. (It is this entry 33 of the Concurrent List which has been put to use to bring in Farm Laws by the Parliament which are The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020′, Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020, Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020.

THE CONSTITUTION (FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1955

Article 305 was amended to give clear authority to the Parliament or of a State Legislature to introduce State monopoly in a particular sphere of trade or commerce in the public interest. (the amendment was made after a question was raised by the Supreme Court in Saghir Ahmed v. State of Uttar Pradesh that whether an Act providing for a State monopoly in a particular trade or business conflicts with the freedom of trade and commerce guaranteed by Article 301)
An amendment was made to Article 31 so that no law providing for compensation in lieu of the compulsory acquisition of private property is called in question by any court on the ground that the compensation provided by the law is not adequate. This was done to neutralise the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in State of West Bengal v. Bela Banerjee AIR 1954 SC 170.
Included Entries 14 to 20 in Ninth Schedule.
Extended the scope of Article 31 A.

Dated : 27.04.1955

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1955

The 5^th Amendment empowered the President to refer any Bill to the State Legislatures to express their views on the proposed bill introduced in the Parliament affecting the areas, boundaries or name of any States.
Articles 100 and 189 are amended so as to indicate that the quoram would normally be one-tenth of the total membership of the House and leave the rest to be regulated by thr rules of procedure of the House.
In order to remove anomalies and difficulties, sub-clause (a) of Article 101(3) and sub-clause (a) of article 190(3) are omitted and revised Articles 103 and 192.
Explanations are added to Articles 148(4) and 319 on the same lines as those contained in Articles 102(2) and 191(2).
Article 276(2) was amended raising the limit of total amount payable to the State or any local authority by way of taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments to Rs.1000/-
Article 297 is amended to insert “or the continental shelf” to assert that all the lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters vests with the Union.
Clauses (2) and (3) of Articles 311 are revised so as to afford a reasonable opportunity to a civil servant facing any disciplinary action.
An amendment was made to Article 316 for the appointment of an acting Chairman of a Public Service Commission when the office is vacant or when the Permanent Chairman is on leave or otherwise unable to perform the duties of his office.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1956

Entry 92A to Union list was added so as to enable Parliament to impose Tax on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
Entry 54 of the State List was accordingly amended subject to the provisions of Entry 92A of List I.
Article 269 and 286 were also amended accordingly so as to restrict State’s power to tax in the inter-state trade and commerce. However, the 101st Amendment (GST) dispensed with Article 286 (3) of the Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1956

By the 7^th Amendment, the Parliament implemented the scheme of States reorganization and also made amendments to certain provisions relating to the High Courts and High Court Judges, the executive power of the Union and the States and a few entries in the legislative lists.
The then existing classification of certain states as Part A, Part B, Part C are abolished and established new states by making alterations in the areas and boundaries of the then existing states. Article 1 is amended accordingly.
Amendments were made to Article 80 completely revising the allocation of seats on the basis of the then census figures.
Amendments were made to Article 81 and 82 due to the establishment of Union Territories.
Article 153 is amended so as to appoint a Governor for two or more States.
Article 168 provides for bi-cameral legislatures in certain states.
Article 217 is amended to provide for appointment of additional and acting judges for limited periods.
An Amendment to Article 220 to relax the complete ban on a retired Judge and permit a retired judge to practice in the Supreme Court and in any High Court other than the one in which he was a permanent judge.
Also provided for a Common High Courts for two or more states and accordingly revised Articles 230 and 231.
Article 350A is included to implement State Reorganisation Commission’s recommendations to safeguards for linguisting minorities in the States after reorganisation.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1959

Article 334 is amended to extend the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indian in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly for a period of 10 more years.

Dated: 05.01.1960

THE CONSTITUTION (NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1960

The Territory of Berubari Union located in West Bengal was transferred to Pakistan after demarcation in view of the Agreements between the Governments of India and Pakistan dated 10.09.1958, 23.10.2959 and 11.01.1969. This was done in pursuant to the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Berubari Union and Exchange of Enclaves, re, AIR 1960 SC 845.

Dated: 12.12.1960.

THE CONSTITUTION (TENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1961

Amended clause (1) of Article 240 and First Schedule of Constitution to integrate Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Union of India. Accordingly Dadra and Nagar Haveli is specified as Union Territory of India.

THE CONSTITUTION (ELEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1961

Previously, the Vice President has to be elected by members of both Houses of Parliament assembled at a joint meeting. An amendment was made to Article 66(1) to provide that the Vice President will be elected by members of an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament.

Further, Article 71 of the Constitution is amended so as to make it clear that the election of the President or the Vice-President cannot be challenged on the ground of any vacancy for any reason in the appropriate electoral college.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWELFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1962

The First Schedule is amended to add Entry 8 to include Goa, Daman and Diu in the Indian Union as Union Territories. Accordingly amended Article 240.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1962

In July, 1960, an agreement was reached by the Government of India with the leaders of the Naga Peoples Convention under which it was decided that the Naga Hills-Tuensang Area (Nagaland), which is at present a Part ‘B’ tribal area within the State of Assam, will be formed into a separate State in the Union of India. Accordingly Article 371 A is inserted making special provisions with respect to the State of Nagaland.

THE CONSTITUTION (FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1963

With the ratification of the Treaty of Cession by the Governments of India and France, on 16.08.1962, the French establishments of Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe and Yanam became territories of the Indian Union with effect from that date. Accordingly, First Schedule is amended to insert Pondicherry as Union Territory as Entry 9. Further, Article 81 is amended to increase the number of members representing Union Territories in the House of the People from twenty to twenty five. Article 239A was inserted to create local legislatures and council of Ministers for the Union Territories of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripural, Goa, Daman and Diu and Puducherry. Accordingly amended Article 240 and Fourth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1963

Article 217 is amended so as to raise the age of retirement of High Court judges from sixty years to sixty two years.
Clause 2 is inserted to Article 222 so as to give the judge a compensatory allowance in addition to his salary when a judge is transferred from one high court to another.
Article 224A is inserted to appoint retired High Court judges as acting judges of the High Court.
Clause 1A is inserted after clause (1) of Article 226 so as to give power to High Courts to issue directions, orders or writs to any Government, authoritiy or person outside the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court if the cause of action arise within the territorial limits.
Article 297 is amended to insert “or the continental shelf” to assert that all the lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters vests with the Union.
Clauses (2) and (3) of Articles 311 are revised so as to afford a reasonable opportunity to a civil servant facing any disciplinary action.
An amendment was made to Article 316 for the appointment of an acting Chairman of a Public Service Commission when the office is vacant or when the Permanent Chairman is on leave or otherwise unable to perform the duties of his office.
Entry 78 List I was amended to include “vacation” in its scope by responding to the judgment in Pramatha Nath v. Chief Justice AIR 1961 Cal 545.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1963

Clauses (2), (3) and (4) of Article 19 are amended giving effect to the recommendations of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism appointed by the National Integration Council enabling the State to make any law imposing reasonable restrictions in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India.
Further, amended Articles 84, 173 and Forms of Oath in Third Schedule to the Constitution so as to provide that every candidate for the membership of Parliament or State Legislature, Union and State Ministers, Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts should pledge to uphold the Constitution and preserve the integrity and sovereignty of the India.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1964

Article 31 A is amended to prohibit acquisition of a private land under personal cultivation unless the market value of the land is paid as compensation.
Entry 21 to 64 are inserted to the Ninth Schedule to include various state land laws. These changes are brought after the Kerala High Court struck down Kerala Agrarian Relations Act, 1961.
This amendment was held to be constitutionally valid in Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan AIR 1965 SC 845 and was later held to be unconstitutional in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1966

Explanations I and II are inserted to Article 3 making it clear that the Parliament has power to form a new State or Union Territory by uniting a part of any State or Union Territory or any other State or Union Territory.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETEENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1966

Article 324 is amended to abolish the system of Election Tribunals and vested the power to hear elections petitions in the High Courts on the recommendations made by the Election Commission in its Report on the Third General Elections in India in 1962.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1966

Article 233A is inserted to validate appointments of district judges. (A few appointments of the district judges in Uttar Pradesh were declared illegal and void by the judgment of Supreme Court in Chandra Mohan v. State of UP AIR 1966 SC 1987). Article 233A was inserted to validate particularly these appointments.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1967

Amended Eighth Schedule of the Constitution to include Sindhi as the 15^th Language.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1969

On 11.09.1968, the Government of India announced the broad details of the scheme for constituting within the State of Assam an autonomous State of Meghalaya. Accordingly inserted Articles 244A, 275(1A) and 371B.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1969

The reservation for the Schedule Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the Anglo-Indians by nomination is extended for a further period of 10 years i.e, upto 1980.
Articles 330 and 332 are amended to not make any reservation for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland either in the House of People or in the State Legislative Assembly as more than ninety percent of the population of the State of Nagaland are Tribals.
Article 333 is amended so as to provide that not more than one Anglo Indian should be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1971

The Supreme Court in the well-known Golak Nath’s case [1967, 2 S.C.R.762] reversed, by a narrow majority, its own earlier decisions upholding the power of Parliament to amend all parts of the Constitution including Part III relating to fundamental rights. The result of the judgment is that Parliament is considered to have no power to take away or curtail any of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution even if it becomes necessary to do so for giving effect to the Directive Principles of State Policy and for the attainment of the objectives set out in the Preamble to the Constitution. It is, therefore, considered necessary to provide expressly that Parliament has power to amend any provision of the Constitution so as to include the provisions of Part III within the scope of the amending power. Accordingly amended Article 13 and 368. This amendment was upheld by the Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1971

In the Bank Nationalisation case [1970 3 SCR 530], the Supreme Court has held that the Constitution guarantees right to compensation, that is, the equivalent in money of the property compulsorily acquired. Thus in effect the adequacy of compensation and the relevancy of the principles laid down by the Legislature for determining the amount of compensation have virtuality become justiciable inasmuch as the Court can go into the question whether the amount paid to the owner of the property is what may be regarded reasonably as compensation for loss of property. In the same case, the Court has also held that a law which seeks to acquire or requisition property for a public purpose should also satisfy the requirements of article 19 (1) (f). Therefore the word “compensation” is replaced by the word “amount” in Article 31(2) and further provided that Article 19(1)(f) shall not apply to any law relating to the acquision or requisitioning of the property for a public purpose.
Article 31C was inserted which provides to pass any law to give effect to the Directive Principles contained in clauses (b) and (c) of the Article 39 and contains a declaration to that effect that such law shall not be deemed to be void on the ground that it takes away or abridges any of the rights contained in Article 14, 19 or 31 and shall not be questioned in any court of law. This amendment was also upheld in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1971

The concept of rulership, with privy purses and special privileges unrelated to any current functions and social purposes, is incompatible with an egalitarian social order. Government have, therefore, decided to terminate the privy purses and privileges of the Rulers of former Indian States. Accordingly, Articles 291 and 362 are omitted, inserted Article 363A and amended Article 366 of the Constitution changing the definition of “ruler” to nullify the judgment of the H.H.Madhav Rao Scindia v. Union of India (Privy Purses case) (1971) 1 SCC 85 .

This amendmnet was upheld by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Raghunathrao Ganpatrao v. Union of India AIR 1993 SC 1267.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1971

Amendment to Article 239A to include Mizoram as an Union Territory with legislature.
Inserted Article 239B giving power to Administrator to promulgate ordinances during recess of Legislature.
Amended Article 240 to insert Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
Inserted Article 371C to create special provisions with respect to the State of Manipur.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1972

Inserted Article 312A to abolish the special provisions of ICS officers and empowered the Parliament to determine their service conditions. Accordingly omitted Article 314.

THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1972

Inserted Entry 65 and 66 to the Ninth Schedule. (The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 35 of 1969) & The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 25 of 1971.”). Subsequently these were challenged in the famous Kesavananda Bharathi Case.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1972

Articles 133(1) was amended on the recommendations of the Forty Fourth and Forty Fifth Reports of the Law Commission on Civil Appeals to the Supreme Court that an appeal should lie to the Supreme Court only if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance and that in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court. With this amendment, the valuation which was the criteria for a right to appeal in the Supreme Court was done away with.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1973

Increased the number of members representing Lok Sabha from 500 to 525. With this the total number of members in Lok Sabha were increased to 545 including the members representing Union Territores. Accordingly amended Article 81.
Amendment to Article 330 so that the same does not apply to the predominantly tribal units of Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. Similarly Article 332 is also amended so that there need be no reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State of Meghalaya.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1973

Article 371 was amended and inserted Article 371D and 371 E making special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh and establishment of a Central University in Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly amended Seventh Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974

Articles 101(3) and 190(3) are amended to impose a requirement as to acceptance of the resignation by the Speaker or the Chairman and to provide that the resignation shall not be accepted by the Speaker or the Chairman if not satisfied that the resignation is not voluntary or genuine.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974

Amended Ninth Schedule by inserting Entry 67 to 86 on the suggestions made at Chief Ministers’ Conference on 23.07.1972 with regard to reduction in the level of ceiling on land holdings, application of ceiling on the basis of land held by a family and withdrawing of exemptions. This amendment was upheld by Supreme Court in Glanrock Estate (P) Ltd v. State of Tamil Nadu (2010) 10 SCC 96.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974

Article 2A was inserted to give effect to the wishes of the people of Sikkim for strengthening Indo-Sikkim cooperation and inter-relationship.
Accordingly amended Article 80 and 81.
Tenth Schedule is added after the Ninth Schedule to provide for the terms and conditions of the association of Sikkim with the Union of India.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1975

The Sikkim Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution on 10.04.1975 to abolish institution of Chogyal and henceforth made Sikkim an unit of India, enjoying a democratic and fully responsible Government. Accordingly amended the First Schedule and inserted Article 371F to provide for special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim. Consequently amended Fourth Schedule, Article 80 and 81, omitted Article 2A and Tenth Schedule. This amendment was upheld by Supreme Court in R.C.Poudyal v. Union of India 1994 Supp (1) SCC 324.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1975

Article 239A and Article 240 are amended to provide for a legislative assembly and council of Ministers for the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1975

Amended Article 123, 352, 359 and 360 to provide that the power of the President, Governor or Administrator to promulgate Ordinances or to declare Emergency beyond the scrutiny of any court of law on any ground. This amendment was upheld by the Delhi High Court in Pran Nath v. Union of India AIR 1977 Del 167.

THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1975

Amended Article 71 to place the disputes relating to the election of the President or Vice President beyond the scope of judicial scrutiny.
Amended Article 329 and inserted Article 329A to provide special provisions as to elections to Parliament in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker making them beyond the scope of judicial scrutiny. Accordingly amended Ninth Schedule.
Inserted Entry 87 to 124 in the Ninth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1976

Amended Article 297 to empower the Parliament to specify from time to time the limits of Territorial Waters, the continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the maritime Zones of India.
Inserted Entry 125 to 188 in the Ninth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1976

Amended Article 316 to raise the retirement age of the members of the State Public Service Commission and joint Public Service Commission from 60 to 62.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1976

Known as the Mini Constitution, the 42^nd Amendment is a comprehensive amendment so far to the Constitution. It also gave effect to the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.

Added “Socialist, Secular” and “Integrity” to the Preamble of the Constitution.
Added a sub-heading “Saving of Certain Laws” after Article 31.
Amended Article 31C to bring in all or any of the laws implementing Directive Principles specified in Part IV beyond the judicial scrutiny.
Inserted Article 31D to bring in laws to prevent prohibition of anti-national activities or prohibition of anti-national associations.
Inserted Article 32A. (subsequently repealed by 43^rd Amendment).
Amended Article 39(f).
Inserted Article 39A to provide for Equal justice and Free Legal Aid, 43A for participation of workers in the management of Industries, 48A for protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life in Part IV of the Constitution.
Inserted new Part IVA – Fundamental Duties as Article 51A to the Constitution.
Explanation to Article 55 and Article 170 is amended to define population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published.
Article 74 is amended to make the President bound by the advise of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.
Amended Article 81 and 82 to the effect of freezing the seats in Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001.
Amended Article 83 and Article 172 to raise the tenure of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
Omitted clauses (3) and (4) of Article 100.
Amended Articles 102, 103 and 191 and 192 pertaining to the disqualification of member.
Amended Article 105 and Article 194 pertaining to the powers, privileges and immunities of each House of the Parliament and State Legislatures.
Amended 118 and 208 to do away with the quorum to constitute a meeting of the House.
Amended Article 131A to give exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to the Constitutional validity of central laws.
Inserted Article 139A pertaining to Transfer of certain cases from one or more High Courts.
Inserted Article 144A with regard to special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of laws.
Amended Article 145.
Amended Article 150 pertaining to Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
Inserted clause 4 to Article 166 so that no court or other authority is entitled to require production of any rules made under clause (3) for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of the State.
Clause 3 and 4 of Article 189 is omitted.
Amended Article 217 inserting clause (c) to appoint any distinguished jurist, in the opinion of the President, as High Court judge.
Proviso to Article 225 is omitted.
Amended Article 226 and inserted Article 226A.
Amended Article 227, 228 and inserted article 228A so as to take away the jurisdiction of the High Court to decide on the constitutional validity of any Central Law.
Inserted Article 257A to deploy armed forces or other forces of the Union as assistance to states dealing with any grave situation of law and order.
Article 311 is amended to shorten the procedure for disciplinary action by taking away the right of a civil servant to make representation at the second stage after the enquiry i.e., on the penalty proposed.
Amended Article 312 to provide for All India Judicial Service.
Inserted Part XIVA i.,e to establish Tribunals for adjudication of administrative matters and other matters.
Article 352, 353, 356, 357, 359 were amended pertaining to provisions relating to Emergency and facilitated to the proclamation of National Emergency in the Territory of India and also to extend the one time duration of the President Rule from 6 months to One year.
Amended Articles 366 and 368 to make the constitutional amendments beyond the judicial scrutiny.
Amended Article 371F.
Amended the Seventh Schedule and shifted subjects such as education, forests, protection of wild animals, weights and measures, administration of justice, constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts from State list to Concurrent List.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1977

Omitted Article 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A that were brought in by the Indira Government.
Amended Article 145, 226, 228 restoring the powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts to judicial review.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1978

Article 19(1)(f) is omitted removing the right of property as a fundamental right.
Article 22 (4) is amended pertaining to laws on preventive detention which provides that no person shall be in detention for more than a period of two months unless an Advisory Board constituted in accordance with the recommendations of the Chief Justice of the appropriate High Court and after reporting in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention.
Clause 1A of Article 30 is inserted to provide for any law for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, the state shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such that it would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under the clause.
The sub-heading “Right to Property” occurring after Article 30 of the Constitution is omitted.
Article 31 is also omitted and accordingly amended article 31A and 31C.
Clause (2) is inserted to Article 38 to provide for the State to strive to minimise the inequalities in income and endeavour to eliminate inequalitites in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas engaged in different vocations.
Amended Article 71 providing for the Supreme Court to inquire and to decide on matters relating to the election of the President of Vice President.
A proviso is added to Article 74 requiring the Council of Ministers to reconsider any advice made to the President.
Clause (4) of Article 77 is omitted.
The tenure of the Lok Sabha and State Legislatures is changed from 6 years to 5 years and accordingly amended Article 83 and 172.
Restored the powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts and accordingly amended 213, 217, 225, 226 and 227.
Clause (4) of Article 239B is omitted.
Article 257A is omitted.
Inserted Chapter IV in Part XII as Right to Property by inserting Article 300A of the Constitution.
Omitted Article 329A and accordingly amended Article 329.
Amended Article 352 to substitute words “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” and inserted an Explanation to Article 352.
Amended other provisions relating to Emergency and provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a National Emergency.
Inserted Article 361A for protection of publications of Parliament and State Legislatures.
Amendment to Ninth schedule by omitting entries 87, 92 and 130.
Sections 18, 19, 21, 22, 31, 32, 34, 35, 58 and 59 of the Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act are omitted.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1980

Extended the reservations of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok-Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly for a further period of the years i.e., up to 1990 by amending Article 334.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1982

A new clause (29A) to Article 366 is inserted to define “ tax on the sale or purchase of goods” so as to prevent tax avoidance. Accordingly amended Article 269, 286.
Entry 92B is inserted to List I – Union List of Seventh Schedule pertaining to taxes on the consignment of goods where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-state trade of commerce.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1984

Amended the Ninth Schedule by inserting Entries 189 to 202.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1984

Amended Article 356 by adding a proviso to clause (5) so as to facilitate the extension of President’s rule in Punjab for one year without meeting the special conditions for such extension.

THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1984

The Tripura Legislative Assembly passed a resolution on the 19th March, 1982 and again on the 11th February, 1983, urging the Government of India to apply the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution to the tribal areas of the State of Triupura. The State Government of Tripura, therefore, recommended amendment of the Constitution for the purpose. Though under the Triupura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 1979, an autonomous District Council has been functioning in the State, it was considered necessary to give it Constitutional sanctity with a view to meet the aspirations of the tribal population. The Council is expected to ensure rapid development of tribal areas and self-governance by the tribals.

Accordingly amended Article 244, Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1984

Article 33 is amended so as to empower the Parliament to make any law restricting the fundamental rights to the members of Armed Forces, forces charged with the maintenance of public order, persons employed in any bureau or any other organisation established by the State for the purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence, persons employed in telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organization referred to in clauses (a) to (c).

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1984

Articles 330 and 332 are amended to provide for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram and article 332 to provide for similar reservation in the Legislative Assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1985

The amendment is sought to disqualify the members of the Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection and accordingly amended Articles 101, 102, 190, 191 and inserted new Tenth Schedule. This amendment was partially declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1986

Inserted Article 371G to provide for special provisions with respect to the State of Mizoram and fixed the strength of Assembly at a minimum of 40 members.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1986

The amendment is sought to increase the salaries of the Judges of Supreme Court and High Court and enabled the Parliament to change them in future by an ordinary law and accordingly amended Articles 125, 221 and Second Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1986

Conferred Statehood to the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh and accordingly inserted Article 371H providing for special provisions with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1987

The Government of India have proposed to constitute the territories comprised in the Goa District of the Union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu as the State of Goa and the territories comprised in the Daman and Diu districts of that Union territory as a new Union territory of Daman and Diu. Accordingly inserted Article 371 I to provide for special provisions with respect to the State of Goa.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1987

Clause (3A) is inserted to Article 332 to provide for reservation of one seat for STs in the Legislative Assemblies of the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1987

Amended the heading to Part XXII and inserted Article 394A to provide for an authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi Language and gave the same legal sanctity to the Hindi version of the Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION (FIFTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1988

Facilitated the extension of President’s Rule in Punjab up to three years and provided for the declaration of national emergency in Punjab on the ground of internal disturbance and accordingly amended Articles 356 and inserted Article 359A.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1988

Increased the ceiling of taxes on professions, trades, callings and employements leviable by a State Legislature from Rs.250 to Rs.2500/- by amending clause (2) of Article 276.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1988

Reduced the voting age of an individual from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections by amending Article 326.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-SECOND AMENDMENT ACT, 1989

Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special reservation for the Anglo Indians in the Lok Sabha and State legislative Assemblies for a further period of ten years i.e., upto 2000 by amending Article 334.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1989

Repealed the changes introduced to article 356 with respect to the proclamation of Emergency in Punjab by the 59^th Amendment and accordingly omitted proviso to clause (5) of Article 356 and Article 359A.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT ACT, 1990

Amended Article 356 to facilitate the extension of President’s rule in Punjab upto a total period of three years and six months.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT 1990

It is felt that a high level five member Commission under Article 338 will be more effective arrangement in respect of constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes instead of a Special Officer and accordingly amended Article 338.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1990

Inserted 55 more land reforms Acts of various states by amending Ninth Schedule inserting Entries 203 to 257.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1990

Amended Article 356 to facilitate the extension of President’s rule in Punjab upto a total period of Four years.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1991

Amended Article 356 to facilitate the extension of President’s rule in Punjab upto a total period of Five years.

THE CONSTITUTION (SIXTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1991

The Government of India appointed on 24-12-1987 a Committee to go into the various issues connected with the administration of Delhi and to recommend measures inter alia for the streamlining of the administrative set-up. The Committee went into the matter in great detail and considered the issues after holding discussions with various individuals, associations, political parties and other experts and taking into account the arrangements in the national Capitals of other countries with a federal set-up and also the debates in the Constituent Assembly as also the reports by earlier Committees and Commissions. After such detailed inquiry and examination, it recommended that Delhi should continue to be a Union territory and provided with a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers responsible to such Assembly with appropriate powers to deal with matters of concern to the common man. The Committee also recommended that with a view to ensure stability and permanence the arrangements should be incorporated in the Constitution to give the National Capital a special status among the Union territories. Accordingly a special Status to the Union Territory of Delhi is accorded and provided with a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers by inserting Article 239AA and 239AB.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992

The Amendment provided for the inclusion of members of Legislative Assemblies of National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry in the electoral college for the election of President by amending Article 54 and 239AA.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992

Included Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule increasing the total number of scheduled languages to 18.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992

Provided for the reservation of seats for the STs in the legislative Assembly of Tripura by inserting clause (3B) to Article 332. This was upheld by Supreme Court in Subrata Acharjee v. Union of India (2002) 2 SCC 725.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992

A new Part IX is added to grant constitutional status of protection to the Panchayat Raj institutions and to provide for Gram Sabha in a village or group of villages; constitution of Panchayats at village and other level or levels; direct elections to all seats in Panchayats at the village and intermediate level, if any, and to the offices of Chairpersons of Panchayats at such levels; reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population for membership of Panchayats and office of Chairpersons in Panchayats at each level; reservation of not less than one-third of the seats for women; fixing tenure of 5 years for Panchayats and holding elections within a period of 6 months in the event of supersession of any Panchayat; disqualifications for membership of Panchayats; devolution by the State Legislature of powers and responsibilities upon the Panchayats with respect to the preparation of plans for economic developments and social justice and for the implementation of development schemes; sound finance of the Panchayats by securing authorisation from State Legislatures for grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State, as also assignment to, or appropriation by, the Panchayats of the revenues of designated taxes, duties, tolls and fees; setting up of a Finance Commission within one year of the proposed amendment and thereafter every 5 years to review the financial position of Panchayats; auditing of accounts of the Panchayats; powers of State Legislatures to make provisions with respect to elections to Panchayats under the superintendence, direction and control of the chief electoral officer of the State; application of the provisions of the said Part to Union territories; excluding certain States and areas from the application of the provisions of the said Part; continuance of existing laws and Panchayats until one year from the commencement of the proposed amendment and barring interference by courts in electoral matters relating to Panchayats. Accordingly inserted Article 243A to 243O and inserted Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional units of panchayats.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992

A new part IXA is added to grant constitutional status and protection to the Urban Local Bodies to provide for Nagar Panchayats, Municipal Councils and Municipal Corporations by inserting Articles 243 P to 243Zg and inserted Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the Municipalities.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1993

The Supreme Court, taking note of the precarious state of rent litigation in the country, in the case of Prabhakaran Nair and others Vs. State of Tamil Nadu (Civil Writ Petition 506 of 1986 and other writs) observed that the Supreme Court and the High Courts should be relieved of the heavy burden of rent litigation. Accordingly Article 323B in Part XIVA is amended to provide for a timely relief to the rent litigants by providing for setting up State level Rent Tribunals in order to reduce the tiers of appeals and to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts except that of Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1994

The State of Tamil Nadu has requested the Government of India to include the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of appointment or posts in the Services under the State) Act, 1993 in the Ninth Schedule so as to protect it from the judicial scrutiny in view of the Judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Indira Sawhney and others Vs. Union of India and Others (AIR 1993 SC 477) holding that the total reservations under Article 16(4) should not exceed 50 %. Accordingly Entry 257A is inserted to the Ninth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1995

Clause (4A) is added to Article 16 to provide for reservation in promotions in government jobs for SCs and STs. This was upheld by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in M Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 212.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1995

Included 27 more land reform Acts of various States in the Ninth Schedule by inserting Entry 258 to 284 making the total number of the Acts to 282.

THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1999

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2000

The Tenth Finance Commission has recommended for an alternative scheme of sharing the proceeds of certain Union Taxes and duties between the Union and the States. Accordingly amended Article 269, 270 and omitted Article 272. With this, out of the total income obtained from the central taxes and duties, 29% should be distributed among the states.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 2000

A principle of Carry forward of the reservation seats to fill up the backlog vacancies is introduced by clause (4B) to Article 16 in pursuant to the Judgment of Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 1992 Supp (3) SCC 217.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 2000

A proviso to Article 335 is inserted to provide for relaxation of qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation for reservations in matters of promotion to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 2000

The tribal society in Arunachal Pradesh is, casteless where social equality among men and women has prevailed over centuries and ages. Since no Scheduled Castes exist in the State and the State of Arunachal Pradesh is singularly free from the caste system, a new clause (3A) in article 243M of the Constitution of India is inserted to exempt the State of Arunachal Pradesh from the application of article 243D relating to the reservation of seats in Panchayats for the Scheduled Castes.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2002

Government has also decided to undertake readjustment and rationalization of territorial constituencies in the States, without altering the number of seats allotted to each State in the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies of the States, including the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes constituencies, on the basis of the population ascertained at the census for the year 1991, so as to remove the imbalance caused due to uneven growth of population/electorate in different constituencies. It is also proposed to refix the number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies of the States on the basis of the population ascertained at the census for the year 1991. Accordingly amended Article 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332 of the Indian Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-FIFTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2001

The Government servants belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes had been enjoying the benefit of consequential seniority on their promotion on the basis of rule of reservation. The judgments of the Supreme Court in the case of Union of India v. Virpal Singh Chauhan (1995) 6 SCC 684 and Ajit Singh Januja v. State of Punjab AIR 1996 SC 1189, which led to the issue of the O.M. dated 30th January, 1997, have adversely affected the interest of the Government servants belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes category in the matter of seniority on promotion to the next higher grade. This has led to considerable anxiety and representations have also been received from various quarters including Members of Parliament to protect the interest of the Government servants belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Accordingly, the words in clause (4A) “in the maters of promotion, with consequential seniority to any class” is substituted in the place of “in matters of promotion to any class”.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2002

Made elementary education a Fundamental right by inserting a new Article 21A to Part III of the Constitution. Further Article 45 is amended to provide for the State to take steps to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years. Further Amended Article 51A as a new fundamental duty for every citizen who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of 6 to 14 years.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

Provided for readjustment and rationalisation of territorial constituencies in the States on the basis of the population figures of 2001 census instead of 1991 census as provided earlier by the 84^th Amendment by amending Articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

A new Article 268A is inserted to provide for a service tax to be levied by the Centre. Accordingly amended Article 270 and inserted 92C in List I of Seventh Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission for Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate bodies by amending Article 338 and inserting Article 338A. Both the Commissions consist of a Chair-Person, a Vice –Chairperson and three other members who will be appointed by the President.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETIETH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

A proviso to Clause (6) of Article 332 is inserted to provide for maintaining the erstlwhile representation of Schedule Tribes and non-Schedule Tribes in the Assam Legislative Assembly from the Bodoland Territorial Areas District.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

Clauses (1A) and (1B) are inserted to Article 75 to limit the total Number of Council of Ministers upto 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha and to disqualify a member as Council of Ministers who is disqualified on the ground of defection.
Clauses (1A) and (1B) are inserted to Article 164 to limit the Council of Ministers to a total of 15% of the total strength of Legislative Assembly of the State and a minimum of 12 members including the Chief Minister and to disqualify a member as Council of Minister who is disqualified on the ground of defection.
Article 361B is inserted to disqualify a member to hold any remunerative political post who is disqualified on the ground of defection under the paragraph 2 of the Tenth Schedule. Accordingly amended Tenth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

Amended Eighth Schedule by including four more languages i.e., Bodo, Dogri, Mathilli and Santhali increasing the constitutionally recognized languages to 22.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005

Clause (5) of Article 15 is inserted to provide for any law for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Schedule Castes or the Schedule tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of Article 30. This amendment was upheld in Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014) 8 SCC 1.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-FOUR AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005

Freed Bihar from the obligation of having a Tribal Welfare Minister and extended the same provision to Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh by amending the proviso to clause (1) of Article 164 of the Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-FIVE AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005

CONSTITUTION (NINETY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2011

Substituted “Odia” for Oriya by amending Entry 15 of the Eighth Schedule.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2011

Granted Constitutional Status to the Co-operative Societies by amending Article 19(1)(c), 43B, and inserted Part IXB Articles 243ZH to 243ZT.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2012

Inserted Article 371J to provide for special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka and establishment of a separate development board for Hyderabad Karnataka region.

THE CONSTITUTION (NINETY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2012

Replaced the collegium system of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Court judges with a new body called the National Judicial Appointment Commission by inserting new Articles 124A, 124B and 124C and amended Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A and 231. The amendment was subsequently struck down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Supreme Court Advocates-On-Record Association v. Union of India (2016) 5 SCC 1.

THE CONSTITUTION ( ONE HUNDREDTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2015

Gave effect to the acquiring of certain territories by India and transfer of certain other territories to Bangladesh in pursuant to the Land Boundary Agreement of 1974 and its protocol of 2011 and accordingly amended First Schedule of the Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION (ONE HUNDRED AND FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 2016

The Goods and Services Tax is introduced by way of this Amendment by inserting Article 246A, amending Article 248, 249, 250, 268. Article 268A is omitted and inserted Article 269A. Article 270, 271 are amended and Article 279A is inserted. Articles 286, 366 and 368 are amended. Accordingly Sixth and Seventh Schedules are amended.

THE CONSTITUTION (ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND) AMENDMENT ACT, 2018

The amendment inserted two new Articles 338B and 342 A. Article 338B provides for constitution of National Council for Backward Classes and Article 342 A deals with the power of the President to notify a particular caste as a Socially and Economically Backward Class(SEBC) and the power of the Parliament to change the list. Accordingly Article 366 is amended to define the term Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (26A).

THE CONSTITUTION (ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD) AMENDMENT ACT, 2019

The amendment introduces 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) of society for admission into Central Government Run educational institutions and private educational institutions and for employment in Central Government jobs by inserting clause (6) to Article 15 and clause (6) to Article 16 of the Constitution of India.

THE CONSTITUTION (ONE HUNDRED AND FOUR) AMENDMENT ACT, 2020

THE CONSTITUTION (ONE HUNDRED AND FIVE) AMENDMENT ACT, 2021

Article 342 A (1) and (2) was amended and clause 3 to Article 342 A and Articles 366 and 338B were inserted by 105th Amendment by nullifying the judgment in Jaishri LaxmanRao Patil v. State of Maharashtra (Maratha Reservation case) (2021) 8 SCC 1. This amendment restores the power of State Governments to recognize socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs) which include Other Backward Classes (OBCs). The amendment also allows states to prepare and maintain their own lists of SEBCs.